Blockbuster Pusa-1121 and 1509 Basmati varieties being grown and marketed in Pakistan as “1121 Kainat” and “Kissan Basmati”.

Pakistan’s basmati exports are way lower at 7.58 lt ($694.55 million) in 2021-22 and 5.95 lt ($650.42 million) in 2022-23 (July-June).

Even as basmati rice exports from the country are poised to scale a new high, scientists at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) have red-flagged the “illegal” cultivation of its blockbuster varieties in Pakistan.

IARI director A.K. Singh – whose institute has bred high-yielding basmati varieties accounting for roughly 90% of India’s projected $5.5 billion exports of the aromatic rice in 2023-24 (April-March) – has demanded initiation of legal action against unscrupulous seed firms in Pakistan “to protect the interests of our farmers and exporters”.

According to him, the illicit seed sales and cultivation of IARI varieties in Pakistan started with Pusa Basmati-1121 (PB-1121). Released in 2003 and known for the extra kernel length of its grains (averaging 8 mm and elongating to about 21.5 mm on cooking), this variety has been officially registered as ‘PK 1121 Aromatic’ in Pakistan. It’s even being marketed as ‘1121 Kainat’ basmati: A simple Google search of the term threw up some 6,18,000 results, including the 1121 Kainat steamed basmati rice of the Karachi-based Leela Foods and Lahore’s Latif Rice Mills (Pvt.) Ltd.

But it isn’t PB-1121 alone. Pakistan is growing other popular IARI-bred varieties too, such as Pusa Basmati-6 (PB-6) and PB-1509 released in 2010 and 2013 respectively. PB-1509, which matures in 115-120 days as against the 135-145 days of other high-yielding basmati varieties, has been registered and renamed as ‘Kissan Basmati’ in Pakistan.

More striking are YouTube videos from Pakistan featuring newer IARI varieties: Pusa Basmati-1847 (PB-1847), PB-1885 and PB-1886. These are improved versions of PB-1509, PB-1121 and PB-6 respectively, bred for conferring resistance to bacterial blight and rice blast fungal disease.

All the three varieties were released in late-2021, with IARI supplying 1 kg each of their genetically pure seeds to around 2,000 farmers for planting in the 2022 kharif (monsoon) season. There are already videos – including those of Awan Rice Mills Research Farm at Hafizabad, Chadhar Agri Farm at Multan and Nawab Farms at Bahawalnagar, all in Punjab province – highlighting the disease-resistance traits of the three varieties, while also acknowledging the original breeder, i.e. IARI.

“All the varieties we have bred are notified under the Seeds Act, 1966 for cultivation in the officially demarcated Geographical Indication area of basmati rice within India, covering 7 northern states. They are further registered under the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001. This Act allows only Indian farmers to sow, save, re-sow, exchange or share the seeds of any protected/registered varieties. Even they cannot violate the breeder’s rights by selling the seeds in branded packaged and labeled form,” Singh told The Indian Express.

So, how are these “protected” varieties being grown in Pakistan? The answer is simple: It takes just 5 kg of seeds to plant an acre of PB-1847. That acre, in turn, will yield 2,800-odd kg of grain within four months. Even after factoring in 10% processing loss, 2,500 kg-plus of this grain is now re-usable as seed for further multiplication. The Pakistani seed firms, thus, needed to procure a few kg of the PB-1847 and PB-1885 grains – from fields across the border or even wholesale mandis in Punjab or Haryana – for multiplying and selling within two years of release in India.

India shipped out 45.61 lakh tonnes (lt) of basmati rice worth $4.79 billion in 2022-23. With these at 36.56 lt ($3.82 billion) in April-January 2022-23 and 41.05 lt ($4.59 billion) in April-January 2023-24, exports may touch record 50 lt and $5.5 billion levels this fiscal. Significantly, out of the estimated 21.35 lakh hectares (lh) basmati area sown during kharif 2023, 89% was under IARI-bred varieties: 9.91 lh under PB-1121, PB-1718 and PB-1885; 6.57 lh under PB-1509, PB-1692 and PB-1847; and 2.51 lh under PB-1, PB-6 and PB-1886.

Pakistan’s basmati exports are way lower at 7.58 lt ($694.55 million) in 2021-22 and 5.95 lt ($650.42 million) in 2022-23 (July-June). The first seven months of 2023-24 have seen a jump in both the quantity (3.99 lt, up 24.3%) and value ($456.95 million, up 35.6%) of its shipments over July-January 2022-23.

The Pakistani rupee’s depreciation has enabled the country to export its Super Kernel basmati brown rice to the European Union and United Kingdom at $825-875 per tonne. The comparable PB-1 brown rice from India is being shipped out at $1,000-1,075/tonne. Even for white basmati rice with 2% broken grains, Pakistan’s export prices are currently lower ($1,005) vis-à-vis India’s ($1,180).

“Pakistan has an 85% share of the EU-UK market, mainly thanks to their cheaper currency. We are dominant in Iran, Saudi Arabia and other West Asian countries, where consumers want parboiled rice having harder grains and less susceptible to breakage on cooking for long. Pakistan mills haven’t invested much in parboiling facilities and mostly make white or steamed rice,” explained Akshay Gupta, business head (bulk exports) at KRBL Ltd, India’s largest branded basmati exporter.

But Gupta – his company was the first to commercialise PB-1121 and create a special ‘India Gate Classic’ brand for what was billed as the world’s longest rice grain – admitted that Pakistan’s piracy of IARI varieties can pose problems in future. “They are exploiting the research and hard work of our scientists. We should at least tell the world that these are our varieties,” he pointed out.

Published Date: March 21, 2024