{"id":10818,"date":"2023-11-17T08:48:35","date_gmt":"2023-11-17T08:48:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ricenewstoday.com\/?p=10818"},"modified":"2023-11-17T08:48:46","modified_gmt":"2023-11-17T08:48:46","slug":"farmers-ambivalent-over-vietnams-low-carbon-rice-programme-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ricenewstoday.com\/dev\/farmers-ambivalent-over-vietnams-low-carbon-rice-programme-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Farmers ambivalent over Vietnam\u2019s low-carbon rice programme"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

A World Bank-backed project has been criticised by rice farmers for high costs and poor returns. Can its proposed second phase salvage\u00a0things?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Tomatos_Farmer_Vietnam\"\/
The Mekong Delta is Vietnam\u2019s\u00a0largest\u00a0rice-producing region: around\u00a01.5 million\u00a0hectares is dedicated to growing it, which represents approximately 52 per cent of the country\u2019s rice cultivation area.\u00a0Image:\u00a0ILO Asia-Pacific,\u00a0CC BY-SA 3.0, via\u00a0Flickr.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u1ea7n Thanh B\u1ea3y, a 65-year-old farmer in southern Vietnam, is already anticipating his next rice harvest. It is August and the latest harvest in this district \u2013 T\u00e2n Th\u1ea1nh in Long An province, between Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta \u2013 has just concluded. Sitting on a chair in his yard, B\u1ea3y shares his rice-tending process. Every day, he wakes up at 4.30 am to inspect the crop. For an hour, he diligently checks for pests, ensuring pesticides or fertilisers are sprayed promptly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Such an attentive process is necessary because this is not typical rice cultivation. B\u1ea3y, a member of the Ho\u00e0ng Gia farming cooperative, has been growing an emissions-reducing variety of rice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2018, B\u1ea3y was the chief of his village, Nguy\u1ec5n S\u01a1n. That year officers from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development approached him about the Vietnam Sustainable Agriculture Transformation Project (VnSAT). This environmentally focused programme aims to enhance both rice yield and grain quality while reducing the crop\u2019s notoriously high methane emissions. B\u1ea3y was attracted by the potential benefits of new rice varieties, including reduced emissions and cultivation costs, as well as by the provision of free scientific knowledge to locals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inspired, in 2019 B\u1ea3y rallied Nguy\u1ec5n S\u01a1n\u2018s farmers to take part. They are now among more than 150,000 farmers in Long An and \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p provinces who have been participating in VnSAT since its 2015 launch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But several years into the programme, B\u1ea3y is among many participants who are disappointed. They have experienced high costs, lower-than-expected yields and a perceived mismanagement of funds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A solution to paddy cultivation\u2019s methane emissions<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Originally running from 2015 to 2022, VnSAT had a US$301 million budget (7.3 trillion Vietnamese dong)\u00a0financed\u00a0through an agricultural enhancement credit agreement between Vietnam and the World Bank. Vietnam\u2019s agriculture ministry oversaw VnSAT\u2019s implementation; each participating province had a different VnSAT start date, which meant that some, such as Long An, were incorporated late into the seven-year timeframe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

VnSAT aimed to help restructure Vietnam\u2019s agricultural sector by supporting sustainable rice and coffee production. Its rice component sought to inform farmers about emissions-reducing farming techniques, change cultivation practices and develop the necessary infrastructure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Mekong Delta is Vietnam\u2019s\u00a0largest\u00a0rice-producing region: around\u00a01.5 million\u00a0hectares is dedicated to growing it, which represents approximately 52 per cent of the country\u2019s rice cultivation area. In turn, methane emissions from rice cultivation account for\u00a050 per cent\u00a0of agricultural emissions in Vietnam and 15 per cent of total national greenhouse gas emissions.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These emissions arise in various ways. Traditional rice farming in the Mekong Delta does not include irrigation management; when water from the canals nears their terraced fields, farmers typically pump it in. This means these fields are consistently covered with water, which creates conditions conducive to methane production. Meanwhile, excessive fertiliser use results in the emission of nitrous oxide, another greenhouse gas. At the end of a harvest, farmers usually burn their fields to clear them, which releases further climate-warming emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Through VnSAT, farmers receive\u00a0training\u00a0on two rice cultivation techniques, called \u201cOne Must, Five Reductions\u2019 (1M5R) and \u201cThree Reductions, Three Gains\u201d (3R3G). Developed by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), these techniques aim to increase rice quality and improve the health of both farmers and their lands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1M5R\u2019s \u201cmust\u201d is to use certified seeds, which will in turn \u201creduce\u201d the amount of seed, fertiliser, pesticide and water used, as well as post-harvest losses. Certification guarantees seed health and quality; planting fewer seeds minimises competition among plants. 3R3G imposes \u201creductions\u201d in the use of seeds, nitrogen fertilisers, and pesticides, to \u201cgain\u201d savings in production costs, health benefits for farmers, and environmental protection. These techniques exclusively use organic fertilisers for plant and soil health, and for lower greenhouse gas emissions. Water is conserved by reducing irrigation, which also minimises methane emissions and makes crops more resistant to drought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reducing irrigation is especially important as water scarcity bites in the Mekong Delta. This is due to climate change impacts and\u00a0the presence of dams\u00a0further along the river \u2013 water saved during rice cultivation can be reallocated for other farming needs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to\u00a0results\u00a0collated by VnSAT and the World Bank\u2019s Agriculture Competitiveness Project (ACP), 1M5R alone has the potential to increase rice yields by roughly 5-8 per cent. And because it uses less seeds, fertilisers and pesticides, production costs shrink by 22 per cent while profits rise by between 29 per cent and 67 per cent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economic challenges<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In both \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p and Long An provinces however, many farmers claim such results have yet to emerge. Those in the Ti\u1ebfn C\u01b0\u1eddng rice farming cooperative in Tam N\u00f4ng, \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p, have found that the IRRI\u2019s techniques require more skills and attention than traditional methods. \u201cFarmers have to work harder because we have to visit the paddy fields more frequently to check rice health,\u201d says Ti\u1ebfn C\u01b0\u1eddng\u2019s leader, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u00e3i.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00e3i says the returns for such efforts have not been satisfactory: \u201cWe put in more time and commitment, but businesses purchase our products at the same price as [those of] traditional rice farmers.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea3y notes that, amid high cultivation costs for this new variety of rice, VnSAT did not provide any guarantee on prices. B\u1ea3y says this created unease among farmers, especially because the rice market fluctuates greatly. \u201cWe want the project to provide [indications of] how much we can possibly sell if we apply the new cultivation methods in our paddy fields,\u201d he adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For farmers in the Ti\u1ebfn C\u01b0\u1eddng and Ho\u00e0ng Gia cooperatives, the IRRI\u2019s methods have not significantly reduced costs. \u201cOrganic pesticides cost more than conventional ones,\u201d explains Tr\u00e3i. \u201cInput costs might [have] decreased [due to planting fewer] seeds, but the effort is higher. The yield is either lower or equivalent to those practising traditional rice cultivation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the other hand, the programme has yielded some benefits. During training, VnSAT officers taught farmers to identify the pests and diseases that affect their yields and the specific pesticides for each. \u201cPreviously, the farmers did not know about the diseases affecting rice, so they often used four to five types of pesticides at once. The more pesticides you use, the more money it costs,\u201d Tr\u00e3i says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea3y notes that participating farmers are sympathetic to the aims of the project: \u201cWe understand the environmental benefits of the techniques. However, we struggle daily to make a living, so we prioritise economic benefits.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

China Dialogue speaks to L\u00ea Anh Tu\u1ea5n, the vice director of Can Tho University\u2019s climate change research institute in the Mekong Delta. According to Tu\u1ea5n, the IRRI cultivation methods promoted by VnSAT effectively reduce emissions, but they need time and scaling to achieve results: \u201cThe new farming methods are meaningful when combined with a shift from traditional cultivation practices. Emissions reduction is most effective when these cultivation measures are consistently implemented across a wide area and over an extended period.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the time and costs that VnSAT demands have meant some farmers have resorted to partial implementation only. For example, China Dialogue speaks to a Ti\u1ebfn C\u01b0\u1eddng cooperative farmer named D\u0169ng who has reduced his seed quantities and irrigation, but still uses chemical pesticides and fertilisers because they are cheaper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Such compromises threaten to negate the emissions-reduction benefits of the programme, as chemical fertilisers are a key source of emissions. In 2022, research identified synthetic nitrogen fertilisers as responsible for just over\u00a02 per cent\u00a0of global greenhouse emissions during 2018 \u2013 equivalent to that year\u2018s total global aviation emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mismanagement of funds<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

A key focus of the VnSAT project is to support the development of rice-cultivation infrastructure. This is achieved by stimulating private investment in technology and equipment for high-quality rice processing, as well as the construction of infrastructure to facilitate production and distribution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But VnSAT-funded infrastructure projects have been criticised by farming communities citing low standards and a lack of utility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2021 for example, VnSAT funded the construction of a 4.5km road that passes B\u1ea3y\u2019s house. Designed to facilitate rice transportation, the road has already required multiple repairs. Meanwhile, a bridge next to B\u1ea3y\u2019s house, also built in 2021, has developed cracks. \u201cIt is very dangerous. The community has been asking for the bridge to be repaired, but it hasn\u2019t been [fully] fixed,\u201d B\u1ea3y says. \u201cIt\u2019s such a waste of societal resources.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

VnSAT uses its budget to fund and build facilities with specific capacities. Typically, the programme funds a facility and looks for investors \u2013 such as private companies or farming cooperatives \u2013 to take over maintenance and any capacity expansions. For example, in 2015 the Ti\u1ebfn C\u01b0\u1eddng farming cooperative invested in building a drying and storage facility developed by VnSAT.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, this facility has since been abandoned. The cooperative invested more than US$650,000 into the project, withdrawing investment capital from their other agricultural projects. Once the facility was completed, Ti\u1ebfn C\u01b0\u1eddng discovered that customers preferred to buy rice immediately after the harvest in order to manage quality themselves. \u201cThis lack of foresight has caused significant losses for the cooperative,\u201d says Tr\u00e3i. Ti\u1ebfn C\u01b0\u1eddng has incurred several hundred thousand dollars of losses each year since.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For Nh\u01a1n H\u00f2a L\u1eadp, another Long An farming commune, VnSAT built a US$150,000 pumping station in 2022. This too has been abandoned due to a lack of demand and no investor interest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Infrastructural projects such as these have been criticised for a lack of community input during early stages. \u201cThe [pumping station] project began construction without consulting the local residents,\u201d says Ho\u00e0ng Gia\u2019s leader, V\u0103n Thanh Li\u00eam. \u201cSo, when it was completed, no one used it.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suggestions for the future<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In March 2023, Vietnam\u2019s agriculture ministry proposed the second\u00a0phase\u00a0of VnSAT. It aims to introduce high-quality rice crops across one million hectares by 2030. The World Bank has shown interest in establishing a\u00a0US$20 million\u00a0grant programme with Vietnamese private banks to arrange the necessary loans for farmers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For future iterations of the programme to receive more buy-in from farmers, however, existing participants who spoke to China Dialogue say there needs to be significant improvement. When it comes to developing optimal infrastructure plans, Tr\u00e3i says: \u201cThe central government must collaborate closely with local authorities to understand what needs to be invested in, and how to invest effectively.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00e3i adds that VnSAT should establish a \u201csolid link\u201d with businesses to ensure large-scale consumption of its new rice varieties \u2013 farmers need to know who they can sell these products to and how much money they can earn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, the Ti\u1ebfn C\u01b0\u1eddng cooperative sells its rice to small-scale traders, who then sell to major companies. Tr\u00e3i suggests VnSAT expand to boost rice production volumes, which would make it easier for Ti\u1ebfn C\u01b0\u1eddng to negotiate larger deals and sell directly to big companies. \u201cThe quantity of emissions-reduced rice on its own is too minimal for widespread consumption,\u201d he says. \u201cCompanies lack the incentive to purchase it at a premium.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A solution to this lack of incentive could be the creation of a certification for VnSAT rice. According to Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, who directs the major southern Vietnamese rice producer VinaRice, \u201cwe are willing to pay a higher price\u201d. This may require approval and certification by a third party, however. \u201cWe need to know the origin of the plant and the rice production process to determine the value of the final product,\u201d says Nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite the setbacks VnSAT has faced, Tr\u1ea7n Thanh B\u1ea3y is hopeful he will enjoy a better rice harvest next year and guaranteed rice prices. He also anticipates charging more for his rice, if the project\u2019s second phase materialises. Like Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u00e3i, B\u1ea3y hopes local communities will be listened to in future: \u201cVnSAT should survey with farmers in advance to understand what we really want.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

China Dialogue has not yet received a response from the World Bank to its request for comment.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A World Bank-backed project has been criticised by rice farmers for high costs and poor returns. Can its proposed second phase salvage\u00a0things? Tr\u1ea7n Thanh B\u1ea3y, a 65-year-old farmer in southern Vietnam, is already anticipating his next rice harvest. It is August and the latest harvest in this district \u2013 T\u00e2n Th\u1ea1nh in Long An province, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10691,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[418,317,218],"class_list":["post-10818","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sustainable-rice","tag-sustainable-farming","tag-sustainable-rice","tag-rice-farming"],"acf":{"enable_premium_overlay":false},"yoast_head":"\nFarmers ambivalent over Vietnam\u2019s low-carbon rice programme - Rice News Today<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Farmers ambivalent over Vietnam\u2019s low-carbon rice programme - Rice News Today\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A World Bank-backed project has been criticised by rice farmers for high costs and poor returns. 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Can its proposed second phase salvage\u00a0things? Tr\u1ea7n Thanh B\u1ea3y, a 65-year-old farmer in southern Vietnam, is already anticipating his next rice harvest. 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